Essay on The Pornography Debate - 809 Words

The Pornography Debate Pornography has been the topic of discussion in the court systems for years. Many would like to see legislation against it and software to filter it. The problem is its not that easy and making laws against it would pose a problem against the first amendment. There have many issues brought up on the grounds that it is demoralizing to women and is filth for the eyes of children. But, is pornography really that harmful? There are many reasons why the government is having trouble putting restrictions on pornography. As Cynthia Stark states in Social Theory and Practice, just because some find certain materials offensive is not a sufficient reason for restricting those materials. There has to be proper grounds†¦show more content†¦We also need to determine was is appropriate for children and why is it so dirty for the viewing of children that we need to use software to block it. The internet is free to roam by anyone and its not hard to stumble across websites that use mask web addresses to lure people into them. So how can we block these websites that are explicit for our kids to view? These pornographic sites are free to show whatever they want due to the free speech clause, so isnt the CIPA going against that? Another act that is in progress right now that the House of Representatives have recently reinstated is an act that outlaws virtual child pornography. This act would ban any computer images that were real child pornography and not digitally created images. The problem with this act as Texas Republican Lamar Smith says is that prosecutors would find it impossible to prove if the digital picture or movie was an actual photograph or a digitally made image on a scanner or computer. There is no way to tell and so the court system is just adding more problems to their list because it is such a touchy subject when regarding the Constitution. On the other hand, a lot of people think pornography is demoralizing to women, is filth and should be restricted from public display. There have been instances were women are sexually assaulted, beaten, abused and harassed on camera. There are also records of children that have been raped andShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Virtual Child Pornography734 Words   |  3 PagesLindsay Hall Thinking and Doing Ethics Professor Wisniewski November December 8, 2015 Word count 849 Case 1(Ruggiero 173). We have the debate and Supreme Court ruling in 2002 that stated the ban on ‘virtual child pornography’ was unconstitutional, and in turn, The Federal Child Pornography Prevention Act was overturned. The parties involved are the disgusting, scum of the earth who produce this ungodly entertainment for sick minded pedophiles, the US Supreme Court who have taken an oath to protectRead MoreThe Censorship of Pornography1581 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Censorship of Pornography: Censorship is vital and takes place on a daily basis in the modern society even in nations that state their respect and maintenance of the freedom of speech. For instance, there are several regulations that restrict broadcasters in the kind of programmes to be transmitted as specific times of the day. The other ways with which censorship happens every day is through the laws that forbid people from expressing themselves publicly toward particular political or ethnicRead MorePornography And Its Effect On Society926 Words   |  4 Pagespeople who are driven by sexual desire, pornography is inevitable. Throughout history, erotic work has progressed alongside society, and has climaxed, it seems, in the information age with almost unlimited access to any manner of pornographical work on the internet. In most forms, Pornography is legal within the United States, and is widely used despite its taboo nature. While statistics differ, it is likely that a majority of Americans have used p ornography, and the industry is undoubtedly enormousRead MoreFeminism and Pornography: Differing Views1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe pornography debate has been an issue within the feminist movement that has been pushed to the periphery in recent times. It is not as widely seen on the main stage of the feminist agenda and this may be because of a division in feminist thought with regards to pornography. Generally speaking, there are â€Å"pro-sex† feminists who believe that women have the right to do what they wish with their bodies and there are â€Å"pro-censorship† feminists who believe pornography is inherently degrading and violentRead MorePornography Does NOT Cause Violence Against Women1633 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Pornography is a controversial subject all around the world. Part of its appeal is its taboo nature. It has been argued that pornography is harmful. Porn is an underground market that is more or less legal but is it harmful? An article written by Diana E.H. Russell in â€Å"Dangerous Relationships: Pornography, Misogyny, and Rape† argues that it is. Diana E.H. Russell is a sociology professor. She has researched the issue and argues that pornography is profoundly harmful. ProfessorRead MoreDo Internet Service Providers Have a Responsibility to Regulate the Content That Is Available on the World Wide Web? Is the Presence and Ease of Availability of Pornography to the General Public a Tribute to Free Speech1116 Words   |  5 Pagespaint, print, film and with recent technology, the Internet. Society has used every technological step forward to portray the sexual act. With each step forward this has increased the pornography forum to a broader audience. This audience is being propelled by a powerful urge to see images of sex. Nowadays pornography and the Internet, go hand in hand. However who is regulating this material, the website companies want to make the most revenue possible and are not going to alter what is placed on theRead More Art versus Pornography Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesArt versus Pornography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Her head rests on her left knee, with her hands clasped on her ankle.   Locks of hair are thrown about in an auburn blaze.   Her tight rosy lips are as red as her cheeks.   Her dark-blue eyes reveal a half-seductive, half-submissive look.   Her legs are in a subdued spread-eagle formation, leaving her crotch area quite visible.   Her white panties leave little to the imagination. The sexual overtones are more than just a coincidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suspend your imaginationRead MoreFreedom Of Expression Under Charter Framework1643 Words   |  7 Pagesunder the Charter because using hate speech for the purpose of political and policy discussion does not cleanse its harmful effect.   Ã‚  Rothstein continues to say that relaxing the standard of the context of political debate arguably is more damaging. It is a difficult issue to debate, because political speech needs to be protected, however it is also important to ask is whether hate speech is an issue that is largely seen as political? (Schutten and Haigh:9) Hate speech is seen as a very clear hatredRead More People V. Larry Flynt Essay examples1385 Words   |  6 Pages The movie of focus, ‘People vs. Larry Flynt’, is a film by Milos Forman which stars Woody Harrelson as Flynt. Larry Flynt is the president and publisher of Hustler magazine. Hustler is sort of the Mad magazine of written pornography which was started in the early 1970â€℠¢s. The interest for me was seeing how this movie depicts the sexual exploitation of women in the sex industry with a specific look at how the material devalues women. The movie starts out in 1952 with a young Larry Flynt along withRead MoreThe Sexual Content in Angela Carter ´S the Bloody Chamber1684 Words   |  7 PagesRobin Sheets, â€Å"Pornography Fairy Tales and Feminism† 642). The stories include a variation of classics fairytales such as â€Å"Bluebeard†, â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† and â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† with sometimes more than one version of the same original tale, for example â€Å"Wolf-Alice† and â€Å"The Company of Wolves†. In re-writing these fairy tales Carter has given the new versions a specifically sexual content and focuses on the female protagonist, which as a result, has become the issue of much debate and criticism

About David Adjaye, African-Born World Architect

With an exterior siding of bronzed aluminum panels and an entry hall with more wood than the hold of a slave ship, the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. may become David Adjayes most recognizable work. The Tanzania-born British architect creates transformative designs, from this national museum for the U.S. to an old rail station that is now the Nobel Peace Center in Oslo, Norway. Background Born:  September 22, 1966, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Africa Education and Professional Training: 1988-1990: Chassay Last, London, United Kingdome1990: Bachelor of Architecture with honors, London South Bank University1990-1991: David Chipperfield (UK) and Eduardo Souto de Moura (Portugal)1993: Masters in Architecture, Royal College of Art1994-2000: Partnership with William Russell as Adjaye Russell1999-2010: Visited every country in Africa to document African architecture2000-present: Adjaye Associates, Principal Significant Works 2002: Dirty House, London, UK2005: Idea Store, Whitechapel, London, UK2005: Nobel Peace Center, Oslo, Norway2007: Rivington Place, London, UK2007: Bernie Grant Arts Centre, London, UK2007: Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver, CO2008: Stephen Lawrence Centre, London, UK2010: Skolkovo Moscow School of Management, Moscow, Russia2012: Francis Gregory Library, Washington, D.C.2014: Sugar Hill (affordable housing), 898 St. Nicholas Avenue, Harlem, NYC2015: Aà ¯shti Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon2016: Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC), Washington, D.C. Furniture and Product Designs David Adjaye has a collection of side chairs, coffee tables, and textile patterns offered by Knoll Home Designs.  He also has a line of circular chairs on stainless steel tubular frames called Double Zero for Moroso. About David Adjaye, Architect Because Davids father was a government diplomat, the Adjaye family moved from Africa to the Middle East and finally settled in England when David was a young teenager. As a graduate student in London, the young Adjaye traveled from traditional Western architectural havens, like Italy and Greece, to Japan while learning about modern Eastern architecture. His world experience, including returning to Africa as an adult, informs his designs, which are not known for a particular style, but for a thoughtful representation embedded into individual projects. Another experience that has affected the work of David Adjaye is the disabling illness of his brother, Emmanuel. At a young age, the future architect was exposed to the dysfunctional designs of public institutions used by his family as they cared for a newly-paralyzed child. He has said many times that functional design is even more important than beauty. In December 2015, Adjaye Associates was asked to submit a proposal for the Obama Presidential Center, to be built in Chicago. Related People of Influence Eduardo Souto de MouraChris OfiliRichard Rogers Significant Awards 1993: Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Bronze Medal2007: Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to architecture2014: W.E.B. Du Bois Medal Quotations The New Yorker, 2013 Things often come at the time they’re meant to come, even if they seem late. Approach Sustainability is not just material use or energy use...it is lifestyle.† Related Books: David Adjaye: Form, Heft, Material, Art Institute of Chicago, 2015David Adjaye: Authoring: Re-placing Art and Architecture, Lars Muller, 2012David Adjaye: A House for an Art Collector, Rizzoli, 2011African Metropolitan Architecture, Rizzoli, 2011Adjaye, Africa, Architecture, Thames Hudson, 2011David Adjaye Houses: Recycling, Reconfiguring, Rebuilding, Thames and Hudson, 2006David Adjaye: Making Public Buildings, Thames and Hudson, 2006 Sources Approach. Adjaye Associates, 2019. Barack Obama Foundation Issues RFP to Seven Potential Architects for the Future Presidential Center. Obama Foundation, December 21, 2015. Bunch, Lonnie G. African American life, history, and culture explored in Washington D.C. National Museum of African American History Culture, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C. David Adjaye. Knoll Designer Bios, Knoll, Inc., 2019. David Adjaye. Moroso, 2019. Home. Adjaye Associates, 2019. McKenna, Amy. David Adjaye. Encyclopaedia Britannica, October 23, 2019. Murphy, Ray. David Adjaye: Africa offers an extraordinary opportunity. Dezeen, September 29, 2014. Sugar Hill Project. Broadway Housing Communities, New York, NY. Tomkins, Calvin. A Sense of Place. The New Yorker, September 23, 2013.

The Enlightenment Period - 1218 Words

Americans in the Enlightenment period strongly connected themselves with the classical age in terms of how they approached their art. The Enlightenment period lasted for about 150 years, from approximately 1700 -1850. Throughout this time period many artists took inspiration from the classical age which occurred in ancient Greece and Rome hundreds of years before. We can see examples of this in buildings like The White house and Monticello in America, and Kedleston Hall in England. These three buildings, though located in very different parts of the world, all have a number of aestheticly similar attributes. The Enlightenment age was very much an intellectual movement that grew from interrelating the theories of science, the environment and the human race (Enlightenment, 2015, para 1). The origins of this movement came from ideas that date back to the Renaissance period in the 14th century. Science became a big part of this period as people now did not just rely on the bible, they began to be inquisitive about the world around them, thus the dividing of science and religion occurred. Scientists began to ask questions about the environment around them, soon people wanted proof and reasoning, not just thoughts and ideas. Another successful idea of that time was that philosophers began to rethink the role of God and the effects on human life. People still believed in God, but the significance of religion and the role that God played in peoples daily life was not asShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment Period1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enlightenment period was an extremely impactful revolutio n which caused changes in societies around the world. It began in 1651, people across the country took a stand against their unfair rights. In order to have a peaceful society, everyone must be treated with equality which can only occur if there is a fair government system in place. If people have to fight and kill to have their natural rights granted, something has to be done about it. The enlightenment period encouraged the people toRead MorePeriod of Enlightenment8482 Words   |  34 PagesChapter 4 : The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) Historical Background After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This occurred on the 17th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened it’s doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre. The SpaniardsRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Enlightenment Period1488 Words   |  6 Pages Each time period in history has had their own characteristics, key figures, and impact impact on the world. While each period is equally important to how we progressed from the past, the enlightenment period, from the 1700s to the 1800s, has contributed immensely to how everyday people go about their days. Without even realizing it, people have been molded by the enlightenment period, allowing themselves to face new ideas with an open mind . The grand designs of this period were empiricism, rationalismRead MoreThe Historical Period of Enlightenment741 Words   |  3 PagesEnlightenment The historical period which is known as the Enlightenment occurred during the latter half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. The period was marked by a decided increase placed on the importance of scientific and philosophical investigation. Political philosophy was one of the most frequent and important branches of theorizing and discourse. One of the most famous political theoreticians was a man named John Locke. His theories would revolutionize the way thatRead MoreThe Enlightenment Period : The Age Of Reason1332 Words   |  6 PagesAge of Awareness The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a highly intellectual movement of the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth century Europe. This development highlighted reasoning, equality and more of a humanistic approach was taken as opposed to traditional practice. This period was heavily influenced by scientific thought, skepticism and intellectual stimulation. The plan of this era was to reform society and the way it used reasoning as well as oppose longRead MoreThe Human Personification Of The Enlightenment Period Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagesour history, one may see that war appears to be timeless and inevitable. ‘War’ as defined by Webster’s Dictionary is a state of open and declared, hostile armed conflict between states or nations. Voltaire—the human personification of the Enlightenment period—says the following: â€Å"Famine, plague, and war are the three most famous ingredients of this wretched world†¦All animals are perpetually at war with each other†¦Air, earth and water are arenas of destruction. Defining war has been a political issueRead More Biases From the Enlightenment Period1965 Words   |  8 PagesBiases From the Enlightenment Period      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All three dominant subjects: mind, men, and standard literature, not only share dominance, but also relate to the fact that their roles are clearly shown in the schools of our society. Schools exercise the brain, boys are pushed harder and expected to do better in school, while canonic literature haunts students throughout their English classes. The body, women, and horrific literature take a back seat to their counterparts, butRead More Literary Analysis of the Enlightenment Period and Romanticism1461 Words   |  6 Pageswitnessed the birth of the Enlightenment and Romantic Periods. There were similarities as well as very notable differences between the two. There were also two prominent voices that gained notoriety during each of these two periods. Voltaire is considered to be the pioneer of the power of reason and Rousseau is looked upon as a legendary figure of Nineteenth Century Romanticism. This analysis will evaluate the two eras, both writers and a literary piece. The Enlightenment Era gave way to an age ofRead MoreAbsolutism During The Period Of The Enlightenment2255 Words   |  10 Pagesthe eye of the beholder.† This concept can apply to many ideas, other than beauty. How similar governments are run is a good example of how something could be fundamentally the same, but in reality very different. Absolutism during the period of the Enlightenment can show many differences, even though the concept is the same. Absolutism is the form of government where power is concentrated in the hands of an individual. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch exhibits and exercises unrestrained, supremeRead More Transitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods1675 Words   |  7 PagesTransitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were times of great emphasis on reason and questioning of faith. The scientists and philosophes of these eras discovered and taught new ideas that often contradicted what the church and former thinkers had taught and believed before them. Most of the intellectual, political, economic, and social characteristics associated with the modern

Teaching And Teaching Through Problem Solving - 1360 Words

I enjoyed talking and reading about teaching through problem solving because the way it was structured throughout the chapter was presented in a way that communicated its relevance to the audience. Since actively reading this chapter I’ve been able to build on my knowledge of problem solving and incorporate a few new methods into my problem solving technique. The chapter, â€Å"Teaching Through Problem Solving†, in Elementary and Middle School Mathematics Teaching Developmentally, by Walle, Karp, and Bay-Williams, emphasized the significance of the explain-practice-apply method to learning the abstract concept, and how to solve problems as a way to apply the learned skills (p. 34). I personally appreciated the different methods on how to teach for problem solving because as a future educator it has made me more versatile in not only in my teaching, but my listening capabilities as well. When teaching through problem solving, as an educator you have to first understand that not all students will conceptualize the material the same. George Pà ³lya, a famous mathematician, wrote a classic book, How to Solve It, which outlined four easy steps on how student can improve their ability to think mathematically (p. 34). The first step was understanding the problem, then devising a plan, afterwards carrying out that plan, and finally looking back. Each step specifically spoke to a different aspect of, how to solve a problem, and essentially Pà ³lya used these steps as the â€Å"lame-mans terms†Show MoreRelatedQuestions On Mathematics Learning And Teaching1297 Words   |  6 PagesMathematics Learning Teaching A. Describe how teaching for problem solving is used in the attached lesson plan, â€Å"Problem Solving in Algebra I.† The teacher is using direct lecture to model to the students how to problem solve using specific methods and steps. Later on, the teacher has a set of problems that will reinforce those methods and steps. 1. Discuss two reasons why teaching for problem solving is an ineffective method in the attached lesson plan. In teaching for problem solving, students willRead MoreAdventure Based Learning For Teaching775 Words   |  4 PagesAdventure-Based Learning –Active Teaching Method Used In Teaching Subjects in Tourism In the article Adventure-Based Learning-Active Teaching Method Used In Teaching Subjects in Tourism, the authors briefly defined adventure learning and the integrated teaching approach. Stefan, Orboi, Banes, and Martin (2015) mentioned that adventure learning called for an active and interactive or collective cooperation of students in teaching; it also encouraged teamwork and competition amid students; (p. 143)Read MorePurpose And Hypothesis Of The Study1292 Words   |  6 Pagestraditional and problem-solving, of teaching children mathematical the first five years in school. Trying to determine the difference between boys and girl depending on the type of teaching method they received. Predicting those students in the non-textbook problem-solving group would show strength in all areas of mathematical proficiency except the procedural area. That is, they would perform significantly higher than the traditional group. The research questions were: Which teaching approach, traditional Read MoreThe Understanding Of Reading Comprehension1501 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Reading is the process of constructing meaning through the self-motivated interaction among the reader’s knowledge and the material proposed by the written language and the context of the reading situation. The understanding of reading comprehension is to teach reading to students acquire reading skills to become independent learners. The strategies of teaching will be used to help students achieve their reading goals. In areas such as mathematics, developing teacher content knowledgeRead MoreQuestions On Teaching And Learning1631 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching metacognitively 1. Teaching for metacognition To find out what are my pupils’ metacognitive behaviours when solving problem, I had to introduce them to the concept of metacognition and to model what it means to be metacognitively aware when solving mathematical problems. In order to show how metacognition works in problem solving, I found thinking aloud protocols very useful. Aimed to uncover thought process, they are one of the primary building blocks to students’ success at all levelsRead MoreImportance Of Proofs Of Teaching Mathematical Proofs884 Words   |  4 Pages(2012) write to discuss the importance of teaching mathematical proofs in school. They continue on to express reasons why students need proofs and the multiple ways in which teachers can facilitate the learning and importance of proofs to their students. Zaslavsky et al. (2012) cite numerous reasons for the importance of proofs, but the most prominent reasons include strengthening student’s ability to communicate mathematical knowledge, to instill problem solving skills and methods, and lastly, to fulfillRead MoreEssay on Important Aspects of Teaching Mathematics1429 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching mathematics has evolved from the traditional instrumentalist view where t he focus is on knowledge mathematical facts, rules and methods as independent concepts, to the more contemporary constructivist approach which focuses on building on prior knowledge and experiences incorporating mathematical facts, rules and methods to problem solve and investigate new mathematical concepts. This will in turn, enable students to apply concepts in real life situations. Teaching thematically is an approachRead MoreDeveloping Instructional Practices For Students With Specific Learning Disabilities Case Study1280 Words   |  6 Pagespractices for supporting students with reading, mathematics, and language disabilities in the science and social studies content areas throughout elementary school include concept maps, self-questioning strategy, SQ3R strategy, problem-solving strategy, modified reciprocal teaching strategy and K–W–L strategy. Concept maps are forms of graphic organizers that are utilized in the illustration of relationships between models li ke the depiction of how two concepts are related, characteristics of a phenomenonRead MoreRationale Of Curriculum Integration And Differentiation1705 Words   |  7 Pages Integration or integrated curriculum at its core, is solely about making connections (Murdoch Hornsby, 1997). Connections between core learning areas such as literacy, numeracy or science, create deeper connected understandings when delivered through an integrated curriculum rather than taught in isolation. Making meaningful connections with an integrated curriculum is reflected in current policy documents such as the Australian Curriculum and Reporting Authorities’ [ACARA] (2014) Cross CurricularRead MoreEvidence Based For Nursing Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagespsychosocial adaptive behavior change concept which is referred to as Problem Solving Therapy (PST). The article describes the useful methods plus also describes the use of application of technique and explores the research evidence that demonstr ates improvements on diabetes health outcomes. According to the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE), the best resolution to treating diabetes is the process of teaching self management, which is done by providing education as a means to understanding

Ethics and Internal Auditors Free Essays

string(64) " every public body or organization must have an internal audit\." Professionalism, Ethical Codes and the Internal Auditor: A Moral Argument Mary Ann Reynolds ABSTRACT. This paper examines the case of the internal auditor from a sociological and ethical perspective. Is it appropriate to extend the designation of professional to internal auditors? The discussion includes criteria from the sociology literature on professionalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Internal Auditors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further, professional ethical codes are compared. Internal auditors’ code of ethics is found to have a strong moral approach, contrasting to the more instrumental approach of certified professional accountants. Internal auditors are noted as using their code of ethics to help resolve professional ethical dilemmas. Introduction Society grants professional standing to those groups which contribute to the well being of the broader society. Business experts in such groups as business ethics consultants and internal auditors lay claim to professional standing which if granted enhances both their credibility and marketability. But is this claim justified? Although business ethicists are beginning to debate this issue they presently lack a common body of knowledge or agreed upon expertise. As defined expert knowledge is one of the common criterion for professional definition their claim awaits the development of consensus (Cohen, 1992; Stark, 1993; and Dean, 1997) However a similar group, internal auditor’s have a fifty year history of moving to achieve this recognition. This paper will examine the justification of their claim to professionalism in light of current practice. Mary Ann Reynolds is assistant professor of accounting at Western Washington University. Her current research publications are primarily in the areas of ethics, and environmental accounting. This is of importance to society because internal auditor’s provide a peculiar service in that they contribute to the control of the integrity of financial information in a market economy. Public accountants, represented by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) have long held professional status based on their responsibility to audit publicly issued financial statements. Public accountants provide a range of service but are specifically licensed to perform the external audit of publicly issued financial statements. Internal auditors in contrast have no licensure requirement and practice within the corporation or organization that employs them. There may be great similarity in the work performed by these two branches of accounting. Internal auditors may perhaps be considered a subset of accounting and as such may be included under the professional rubric. However they may also be viewed as a particular class of business expert or consultant, not serving the public good and not necessarily adhering to standards or codes of conduct, in which case the claim to professionalism would not hold. However, as a result of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 corporations are required to maintain effective internal controls to prevent fraud and bribery of foreign officials. Internal auditors have been instrumental in providing this service as well as compliance audits to ensure meeting regulatory requirements. Society appears to expect a professional service even though licensure has not been required nor formally granted. The internal auditor serves an important link in the business and financial reporting process of corporations and not for profit providers but can they be considered professionals? Journal of Business Ethics 24: 115–124, 2000.  © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 116 Mary Ann Reynolds Professionalism: A societal perspective Accountants perform agreed upon services within an orderly social and economic context. The claim to classify accounting, and auditing, as classical professions is based upon their relationship to society as a whole and the question of professionalism must therefore be studied not just in the context of a division of labor but, â€Å"as part of a network of social and economic relations (Dingwell, p. 2). Professions do, in fact, contract with society and a sociological level of analysis is thus useful in examining accounting practice (Fogarty, 1995). The functionalist perspective deriving from Parsons (1951, 1968) classic works in particular provides a useful explanatory model for understanding accounting in its social environment. Functionalists contend that society will organize to maintain itself and t hen various functions arise to preserve the stability of the social system. Anthropologists utilizing functionalism as a heuristic tool have identified four of the prerequisites to maintain society as: 1) shared cognitive orientations, 2) normative regulation of means, 3) effective control of disruptive forms of behavior and 4) communication (Aberle et al. , 1960). Accounting reports as an inherent part of the resource allocation process and can appropriately be viewed as communication as well as one of the control mechanisms (Reynolds, 1989). The functionalist perspective is chosen from among possible approaches such as taxonomic, neo-Weberian, or Marxist (Saks, 1988) as relevant to accountants. As Montagna (Freidson, 1973, p. 146) notes professional accountants are, â€Å"designers of order†. Accounting theory follows the basic assumptions of the functionalist perspective in that they contribute to accurate communication, control and the maintenance of order. Although work on professions following a functionalist foundation is continued by Moore (1970), some specific insight can be gained by returning to issues raised by Parsons and Hughes in earlier work. A range of criteria have been proposed as indicators of professional status in this society. Parsons focused on the function served, i. e. aintenance of order and control, while Hughes discussed licensure and certification as indicators Are internal auditors properly designated as professionals? This continuing discussion is emphasized by Wesberry’s (1989, p. 25) regretting that internal auditor’s cannot yet claim to â€Å"have arrived†, to unequivocally claim professional status. Further debat e arises as questions about future directions for internal auditing indicate a wide range of possibilities. Opposite ends of the spectrum are expressed by an interview with Michael Hammer (1998) and a review of Israeli legislation (Friedberg and Mizrahi, 1998). In an interview published in the Internal Auditor, Michael Hammer encourages internal auditors to move to a consultancy position and to convince management that the consultant’s role is in fact the role in which the internal auditor adds value to the company. This contrasts to the prominence internal audits were recently accorded in Israel where the Knesset mandated that every public body or organization must have an internal audit. You read "Ethics and Internal Auditors" in category "Essay examples" Thus we see the current debate as whether internal auditors are classified as workers with a particular expertise, or as professionals? This discussion can be informed by reference to the sociology of professions and examination of the proposed profession’s ethical code. The author examines the unresolved claim of professional status for internal auditors and considers their development and use of a code of ethic as one type of supporting evidence. The specific case of the internal auditor is addressed by reviewing: 1) the internal auditor’s claim to professionalism based on their function in society, 2) criteria for professions, and 3) development of an ethical code. The paper is organized as follows: the examination is located in the societal perspective and then specific professional characteristics are reviewed. The third section discusses codes of ethics and compares elements contained in recognized professional accounting codes. Section IV discusses the internal auditors code in particular, the guidance for conflict resolution and finally, the moral focus of the internal auditor’s professional ethics code is discussed. Section five is the conclusion. Professionalism, Ethical Codes and the Internal Auditor of societal mandate. Jackson (1970, p. 6) enumerates: craft, skills, intellectual training and the concept of duty with a service ideal and objective disinterestedness as criteria for distinguishing professions. Thus, for an occupation to become a profession it is considered one which is practiced by a few experts using special knowledge in a field which reflects issues of concern to society. Further, normative standards of practice are then set by the professional bodies. Evolving professional status within a society is additionally evidenced by development and adherence to a standard or code. Thus, the consideration of an occupation as professional or nonprofessional is based on an accumulation of critical discriminating characteristics ( Jackson, 1970, p. 23). To those noted above Schumpeter (1951) adds the consideration of monopoly power. Monopoly versus non monopoly is an indictor of the degree to which charter to practice has been granted to the profession by society. Characteristics of professions. Within the social model professions are seen as emerging to serve the public good and are granted status by society because of the functions performed. The basic issues presented above led to the development of proposed listings of common characteristics for professions. The listing used by Millerson (1964), and Kultgen, (1988), utilizes both traits and functions as characteristics and is therefore inclusive of the issues raised. The listing includes the thirteen primary characteristics found in Table I. The first five general characteristics are widely accepted as definitional in the professions literature, they are appropriately applied to public accountants and are not argued separately in this paper. Characteristics numbered six through ten deal more particularly with the relationship of professional service, and the professional, to the society and these will be examined in detail below. Characteristics eleven through thirteen further define the relationship of the professional practitioner to the client that is served and will be briefly discussed here. Characteristic number eleven asserts a fiduciary relationship toward the client. This requirement that the highest standard of loyalty be met TABLE I Primary characteristics of professions 117 General 01. A profession involves skill based on theoretical knowledge. 02. The skill requires extensive and intensive training and education. 03. The professional must demonstrate competence by passing a test. 04. The profession is organized and it is represented by associations of distinctive character. 05. Integrity is maintained by adherence to a code of conduct. Relationship to society 06. Professional service is altruistic. 07. The professional assumes responsibility for the affairs of others. 08. Professional service is indispensable for the public good. 09. Professionals are licensed, so their work is sanctioned by the community. 10. Professionals are independent practitioners, serving individual clients. Relationship to clients 11. They have a fiduciary relationship toward their clients. 12. They do their best to serve their clients impartially without regard to any special relationship. 13. They are compensated by fee or fixed charge. As summarized in Kultgen, 1988, p. 60, headings added. in serving the principal is difficult to apply directly to either public accountants, whose first duty is to the public good, or to internal auditors hose duty of good faith is to their immediate employer. However both groups do acknowledge their duty to act in good faith which may fulfil the intent of this requirement even though the duty is not to a client per se. Characteristic twelve requires impartiality, construed by accountants as objectivity. Public accountants are bound by the requirement to maintain an objective and independent attitude. In ternal auditors are also enjoined to maintain an independent attitude, thus meeting this characteristic. The last characteristic is met by public accountants 118 Mary Ann Reynolds be a profession. Courtemanche (1991) provides an historical argument in favor of such professional recognition. Internal auditors working within corporations have asserted their right to hold themselves out as professionals. This has been challenged by CPA professionals in public practice. The issue reached the status of legal debate and court cases in Florida and Texas supported the legal right of accountants working within corporations, rather than in public practice, to use the professional CPA designation if they have passed the CPA examination and met the qualifying criteria (Baker and Hanson, 1997). A logical argument can also be constructed with reference to the professional characteristics previously summarized. Examination of the characteristics will reveal whether the preponderance apply to internal auditors or not. The first five characteristics generally define professions and can be seen to apply to internal auditors as well as to the certified public accountants. However, primary characteristics six through ten are open to debate and will be examined separately for applicability to internal auditors and the question of their professional standing. A discussion of each of these characteristics follows. Is the service performed by internal auditors altruistic? This may be questioned for most professions in any but an idealized definition of the functions that are performed. However, the focus of this characteristic seems to be that services performed are services that cannot be done by the client him/herself and that service performance is not primarily for personal enrichment. Compensation is provided to professionals to enable them to continue to perform the service. If public auditors are eld to enhance the proper flow of accounting information in a capital market as a necessary service (Brown and Bradshaw, 1988), then by extension internal auditors may be held to enhance the accurate flow of information from inside the corporation to the external capital market. By extension this may be construed as serving the public interest. However, because they are directly employed by the corporation they may be said to provide the ser vice as a by product with personal gain, through the receipt charging an audit fee. It is not applicable to internal auditors who receive salary. In addition to these thirteen primary characteristics Kultgen (1988) also notes these seven ancillary characteristics: 1) loyalty to colleagues, 2) regular professional development, 3) prestige based on guaranteed service, 4) use of individual judgment, 5) work is not manual, 6) profits are not capital dependent and 7) status is widely recognized. These seven ancillary characteristics reflect more on the professional practitioner as an individual and less on function within society. Examining both sets of characteristics from a societal perspective, it is readily seen how the public accounting profession meets the criteria within this model and can therefore be held to maintain order and contribute to the stability of the society. Further, in granting the Certified Public Accountants, as professionals, exclusive license to practice society acknowledges their important role and grants a monopoly position. Professions contract with society and acknowledge their role and responsibility by establishing codes of conduct. The development of a formalized code has been seen as a necessary indicator of professionalism (Newton, 1982, and Loeb, 1984). Thus, society acknowledges the professions’ contribution to the public good and the professions acknowledge their responsibility to society. Professional accountants, as represented by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), have held themselves to be a profession and have accepted the obligations coincident with that designation. Certified public accountants (CPAs) conform to both the major thirteen characteristics and the seven ancillary characteristics and are commonly held to be professionals. However, Zeff (1987, p. 67) argues that their professionalism is, â€Å"diluted by rule dominated practices. † For the purposes of this paper the assumption will be made that public accounting, as practiced by CPA’s, is indeed a profession. Can this professional designation be extended to include internal auditors, as a branch of accounting, under the professional rubric? The research question specifically addressed in this paper is whether or not internal auditing, as a special case of accounting, can also be held to Professionalism, Ethical Codes and the Internal Auditor of salaries, as the primary goal. Thus, only partially supporting the claim to professional designation. Is responsibility assumed for the affairs of others? This normally connotes an area of expertise held by the professional, essential to the recipient, about which advice is given. The recipient is not able to evaluate the information for him/herself. This is clearly the case with regard to the classic professions of law, medicine, and architecture (Kultgen, 1988). The public auditor is specifically employed to exercise professional judgement and offer an opinion as an expert. Therefore this can be considered applicable to the public auditor. However, the case cannot be extended to the internal auditor in this instance, as the client, i. e. the corporation, has its own accountants employed to generate the required accounting information and the internal auditor primarily serves an internal control function, even though accounting expertise may be needed and additional accounting advice may be sought. This control function serves the corporation directly and only indirectly serves society Is the professional service indispensable to the public good? Public audits have been mandated by legally authorized bodies, thus recognizing that they are considered essential to the public good by allocating resources to them. With the public demand for the control of fraud evidenced by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 internal auditors became more active as a means of internal control, and fraud detection that was part of the proposed solution to protect the public interest (Lambert and Hubbard, 1989). Internal auditors, in their professional capacity, may be asked to design internal control systems and to assist in the construction of corporate codes of ethics (Peacock and Palfrey, 1991), thus, serving as an integral part of the overall control system and by extension may be considered indispensable to the public good. Is internal auditors’ licensing sanctioned by the community? Referring to the previous argument some level of public sanction is implied. However, licensure implies authority to license, 119 which must be granted by an authoritative body. In the case of Certified Public Accountants (CPA), state boards of accountancy are empowered by the respective legislatures to license public accountants practicing in the state. Internal auditors are not licensed by a legislative authority. Rather, they are certified by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) upon successful completion of an experience requirement and a qualifying exam. No authoritative body claims jurisdiction over their activities. Within the corporation, however, internal auditors have responsibilities defined by the corporation and authority granted by means of a charter. This internal authority granting charter should be signed by the executive management and by the audit committee representing the shareholders (Ratliff et al. , 1988). In the context of an internal, company specific activity, this can be construed as granting professional right to practice by appropriate authority. This is not however, an authority granted by society nor does it extend beyond the charter granting corporation. This is, at best, a limited type of licensure as no monopoly is granted and certification is not required. Is the internal auditor an independent practitioner serving individual clients? The issue of the charter for internal audit departments is particularly relevant to this discussion. Internal auditors operate within the corporation by right of a charter establishing their rights and responsibilities and granting them authority to function ( Johnson, 1986). The charter establishes the internal audit department as an independent function which enables the internal auditor to operate as an individual professional serving a client. Although the client in this case is the corporation, the required independence of attitude and function can be seen to qualify the internal auditor as an independent practitioner. Examination of the applicability of the six ancillary characteristics to internal auditors contributes to the resolution of the question of professionalism. The six ancillary characteristics are specifically included in the code of ethics developed by the Institute of Internal Auditors. Thus, a preponderance of the characteristics, or 120 Mary Ann Reynolds punishments are structured to reward ethical behavior. Thus, the outcomes of professional behavior, whether moral or prudent, will enhance the public good. However, the Institute of Internal Auditors has chosen to emphasize high moral character. Article VIII of the IIA Code of Ethics specifically states that internal auditors should be ever mindful of their obligation to maintain a high standard of morality. It is useful to examine ethical codes and seek identification of common themes or components. A comparison by Kultgen (1988) of the American Association of University Professors; American Bar Association; American Institute of Certified Public Accountants; American Medical Association; American Psychological Association; Engineers Council for Professional Development; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; and Sigma Delta Chi (Society of Professional Journalists) found a number of common elements. The common elements noted include; loyalty to the client, employer, or institution; avoidance of conflict of interest or bribery. Competence, objectivity and honesty about qualifications were also universal. Additional themes such as respect for the territorial rights of colleagues and professional self-monitoring were also widely evidenced. The lack of regulatory oversight allowing self-monitoring, or a profession’s control over its membership and practice, is granted by society (Armstrong and Vincent, 1988). This ability to continue to be self regulated is one which the accounting profession in particular has vigorously defended. Another type of examination is provided by Harris and Reynolds (1992) with a specific comparison of the codes from various branches of the accounting profession. This detailed comparison of the codes also focuses on dilemmas inherent within the various codes as well as, among various levels of society. An examination of the code of the internal auditors in comparison to the code of the AICPA reveals useful insights. Elements listed in the eight articles of the internal audit code include: honesty, objectivity, diligence, morality, dignity, organizational loyalty, independent mental attitude, competence, conformity to standards, confidentiality, full disclosure, continuing education, nonacceptance of criteria, cited are applicable to internal auditors in their own right. It is therefore, logical to extend the classification of accountants as professionals to internal auditors as professionals. To further legitimate this claim the Institute of Internal Auditors was formed in New York City in 1941, standards were established and a Code of Ethics adopted thus implicitly reflecting their acceptance of their responsibility to society. Examination of the code of ethics adopted may also shed light on their claim to professional status. The following section examines their code and compares it in part to the code adopted by public accounting professionals through the AICPA. Ethical codes: A comparison A profession’s mission and responsibility can be enunciated through the code of ethics to which it subscribes. Like other professions, internal auditors have developed and formally adopted a professional code. In the development of an ethical code there are two basic ethical viewpoints: 1) moral, 2) prudent, which may be adopted. Kultgen (1988) in his work on professions, distinguishes between these two approaches as follows: â€Å"Moral persons recognize the intrinsic value of each member of the moral community; merely prudent persons recognize only their own value and treat others as instrumentality’s. . . . Professional practices can be, â€Å"examined from the moral point of view, asking how they contribute to, or detract from the aggregate happiness and fair distribution of goods in the moral community (1988, p. 32). † Accountants are often viewed as utilitarian in approach and may thus be expected to choose the prudent approach. Examination of the AICPA code reveals that although the principles section in the introduction addresses moral components, the enforceable rules section of the code is predominantly a guide to practice. This is in contrast to the internal auditor’s code which is a guide to individual moral behavior. In a well organized society the rewards and Professionalism, Ethical Codes and the Internal Auditor gifts, and no commission of acts discreditable. This list encompasses both character attributes: honesty, dignity, morality, loyalty, nonacceptance of gifts and no commission of acts discreditable; and professional performance of duty attributes: objectivity, independent mental attitude, competence, conformity to standards, and full disclosure. Thus, the code gives clear indication of the personal qualifications perceived to be essential to perform the requisite public service in an ethical manner. With the emphasis placed on loyalty, dignity and morality the assumption can be made that this institute adopts a moral, rather than a prudent, view of ethical behavior. The emphasis in the internal auditor ethical code reflects an individual level of ethical behavior and decision making. The factor of voluntary compliance further indicates an individual level of ethics. Note that internal auditor’s membership is voluntary and members personally choose to subscribe to the higher duty. There is no societal enforcement if this duty is not met, the only enforcement is forfeiture of membership and certification (Loeb, 1984). The contrast with the AICPA code of conduct shows the AICPA code to have a more institutional focus. Rather than the specification of individual moral characteristics, forms of practice are discussed. The ethical code can be seen as directed to the firm of accountants rather than to the individual per se. The new AICPA code, as adopted in 1988, states positive principles about appropriate professional conduct and is goal driven (Meigs et al. , 1989). In contrast to the Institute of Internal Auditors code, the AICPA code may be viewed as adopting a prudent, or instrumental, ethical view. The AICPA code preamble and article II both express the professions’ responsibilities to the public interest. Here again, membership is voluntary and members commit themselves to honor the public trust and maintain professional excellence. Elements of the code in support of this include: objectivity, independence, scope and nature of services, compliance with standards, confidentiality, contingent fees, advertising and other solicitation, incompatible occupations and form of practice and name. Mention is also made of integrity. Integrity, however, is seen in the 121 context of professional judgment. The professional, by this standard of integrity, must be independent, not knowingly misrepresent the facts; and not subject his/her judgment to the judgment of others (AICPA, 1988). Again, the emphasis is on the professional performance of duties in the public arena and serving the public good. Further, Rule 501 enjoins members not to commit acts discreditable to the profession. Enforcement of the AICPA code takes several forms. Members can be censured by one of the designated review boards and membership in the AICPA revoked, the ability to practice before the SEC revoked, or the state license revoked. Licensure is granted by the state boards and revocation of the license goes through a state board procedure also. This constitutes a legal enforcement and the accountant would no longer be licensed to practice. Some of these contrasts between the AICPA and the IIA codes arise from structural differences. Namely, public auditors’ codes include structure of practice considerations such as advertising and contingent fees, and permissible firm names; that are not relevant to the internal auditor. Beyond structure, the basic difference evidenced is the AICPA emphasis on a practical, prudent, institutional approach, whereas the IIA emphasizes a moral and individual approach. This difference may in part reflect the varying degree of societal regulation within which the two groups operate. The societal regulation in turn may reflect the level of societal recognition and as internal auditing evolves and gains public recognition, regulation and possible licensing may follow. Examination of additional accounting professional codes provides further points of comparison. The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) code is the only code to call explicitly for the maintenance of personal dignity. Some commonalties emerge however, as both the Government Financial Officers Association (GFOA) and the IIA included: exercise of due care, or diligence, and loyalty to employer (Harris and Reynolds, 1992). Both the governmental financial accountants and the internal auditors function in an environment where they are working as professionals, but within an entity 122 Mary Ann Reynolds on the externally issued financial statements (Lambert and Hubbard, 1989). That the internal audit profession is seen as a significant player in the societal move to deter fraud serves to legitimate their claim to professionalism. At the same time this may exacerbate conflicting loyalty problems. Clearly, the choice will fall on the internal auditor as an individual and it may be to this end that strong individual character has been emphasized in the IIA code. This conclusion follows from Kultgen’s statement that, â€Å"a valid professional ethic, therefore, is critical for the moral development of the individual practitioner (1988, p. 12). Resolution of ethical conflicts requires that the internal auditor recognize sources of harm or conflict and have some guidance on appropriate response. Stanford (1991) recommends four sources of guidance. These are: 1. the IIA Code of Ethics; 2. the IIA’s Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing; 3. the IIA’s position paper on whistle blowing; 4. consultation with peers. Ratliff (Ratliff et al. , 1988) also suggests that guidance will be found in both the Standards and the Code of Ethics and Wallace (1986) emphasizes that the standards and code go hand in hand to provide guidance. A recent study by Seigel, O’Shaughnessy and Rigsby (1995) confirms that practicing internal auditors report using the code of ethics to guide their judgment on ethical issues in the performance of their professional responsibilities. Seigel et al. further conclude that the majority of internal auditors consider the primary purpose of the ethical code is to provide guidance. Internal auditors are indeed being given a special task. In the organizational structure of the corporation if the internal auditors report to the audit committee, as recommended, management may perceive them as adversarial. If fraud or inefficiencies are discovered both professional ethics and personal moral judgment will be needed to resolve conflict. Conflict also arises within the code itself. There is a basic conflict juxtaposing disclosure and confidentiality and rather than independently in society. Thus the adjuration to loyalty to the employer is appropriate. Professional conflict resolution: Guidelines The codes of ethics are adopted to provide guidance to the practicing professional. Kultgen (1988, p. 13) notes, â€Å". . . professionals, precisely as professionals, are confronted with serious conflicts of duty, and conflicts between duty and self-interest. One purpose for codes of ethics is to provide guidance for the resolution of conflict. The internal auditor faces possible conflict in the practice of his/her profession within an organization. Although independence, in theory, is established by the corporate charter and is required by the code, it may be difficult to achieve in practice. Internal auditors faced with choices that may not appear beneficial to upper management or the organization may find it difficult to maintain an objective disinterestedness. Loyalty, an explicit component of the ethical code, may also present conflicts. The internal auditor may face a conflict between loyalty to the profession and professional standards as they are articulated in the standards and the code of ethics, and his/her employer. The interest of the firm in presenting information may not always be consonant with the interest of society to receive full disclosure of information as management seeks to protect strategic and proprietary information. Although internal auditors may be part of the management team they may also serve a control function on managerial activities, another source of potential conflict. Thus, even within the firm they may have conflicting loyalties (Lambert and Hubbard, 1989). Their obligation to the organization constrains them to safeguard the assets of corporation, minimize waste and inefficiency and watch for deliberate wrongdoing and conflicts of interest (Verschoor, 1987). As a result of the Report of the National Commission of Fraudulent Financial reporting (Treadway Commission, 1987) there is an increasing responsibility for the internal auditor to be active in identifying fraud leading to material misstatement Professionalism, Ethical Codes and the Internal Auditor also loyalty and objectivity (see Harris and Reynolds, 1992, for a full discussion). Dilemmas arising from these juxtapositions are inherent in the statement of the code consequently the individual practitioner must ultimately turn to his/her own moral response for guidance and resolution. A further role suggested for the internal auditor is monitoring corporate codes of conduct. While this may well be an appropriate extension of internal auditors role it is in the nature of a consulting service not a professional accounting service. Indeed, as noted in the introduction, business ethics consultants are developing to advise organizations on ethical codes, problems and approaches to resolution (Dean, 1997). Internal auditors are well positioned to participate in this discussion, though it does not help to resolve the question of professionalism examined in this paper. 123 individual professional within a firm. The IIA code focuses on the morality and dignity of the individual and pushes code adherents toward the achievement of a professional ideal. Thus by noting the internal auditor’s development and use of a code of ethics, reviewing their relationship to the accounting profession and examining their function in society, their claim to professional designation can be supported. The preponderance of the evidence supports their status as professionals. References Aberle, D. F. , A. K. Cohen, A. K. Davis, M. J. Levy Jr. and F. X. Sutton: 1960, ‘The Functional Prerequisites of a Society’, Ethics 60 (University of Chicago Press). Armstrong, M. B. and J. I. Vincent: 1988, ‘Public Accounting: A Profession at a Crossroads’, Accounting Horizons (March), 94–98. Brown, G. R. and W. A. Bradshaw: 1988, ‘The External Auditor’s Pivotal Role’, CA Journal ( Jan/Feb), 46–52. Baker, J. D. and R. K. Hanson: 1997, ‘The â€Å"Holding Out†, Issue’, Internal Auditor (Feb), 62–67. Cohen, D. : 1992, ‘Resisting the Right Stuff: Barriers to Business Ethics Consultation’, Proceedings of the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, pp. 155–159. Dean, P. J. : 1997. ‘Examining the Profession and the Practice of Business Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics (Nov), 1637–1649. Dingwall, R. : 1983. The Sociology of the Professions, Dingwall and Lewis (eds. (Oxford Socio-Legal Studies, Oxford). Hammer, M. : 1998. ‘Just Do It’, Interview with M. Hammer in Internal Auditor ( June), 38–41. Harris, J. E. and M. A. Reynolds: 1992, ‘Formal Codes: The Delineation of Ethical Dilemmas’, Advances in Public Interest Accounting, 1–17. Fogar ty, T. J. : 1995, ‘Accountant Ethics: A Brief Examination of Neglected Sociological Dimensions’, Journal of Business Ethics 14, 103–115. Friedberg, A. and N. Mizrahi: 1998. ‘Making History’, Internal Auditor (April), 71–75. Freidson, E. : 1971, The Professions and Their Prospects, Freidson (ed. ) (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA). Jackson, J. A. : 1970, Professions and Professionalization (Cambridge University Press). Conclusion Accounting is acknowledged as a profession serving society’s needs. Examining both primary and ancillary professional characteristics shows the appropriateness of including internal auditors within this professional designation. Further, their code of ethics is similar to other professional codes and provides guidance to them in their professional practice. One purpose of profession’s codes of ethics is to legitimate the profession and publicize standards of conduct (Sawyer, 1991). Another is to provide guidance for ethical conflict resolution. The IIA Code of Ethics serves both of these purposes for its professional constituency. The code implicitly recognizes the responsibility extended to the profession by society. The code enjoins internal auditors to maintain both a high level of moral character and a high level of professional competence. As the role of internal auditors differs from the that of public auditors, so also their code differs. The AICPA is an institute that serves the public interest by monitoring the external exchange of financial information. Their code reflects the institutional perspective. The internal auditor practices as an 124 Mary Ann Reynolds and Techniques (The Institute of Internal Auditors, Altamont Springs). Reynolds, M. A. : 1989. The Audit Function in Society: An Empirical Investigation, Doctoral Dissertation (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah). Saks, M. : 1988, ‘Removing the Blinkers? A Critique of Recent Contributions to the Sociology of Professions’, Sociological Review 31(1), 1–21. Sawyer, L. B. : 1991, ‘Internal Auditing: Practice and Professionalism’, Internal Auditor ( June), 38–42. Schumpeter, J. A. 1951, Imperialism and Social Classes (Oxford). Seigel, P. H. , J. O’Shaughnessy and J. T. Rigsby: 1995, ‘A Reexamination of the Internal Auditors’ Code of Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics 14, 949–957. Stanford, S. E. : 1991, ‘Ethics’, Internal Auditor ( June), 102–104. Stark, A. : 1993, ‘What†™s the Matter with Business Ethics? ’, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 38–48. Wallace, W. : 1986, Auditing (Macmillan, New York). Wesberry Jr. , J. P: 1989, ‘The Pursuit of Professionalism’, Internal Auditor (April), 22–29. Verschoor, C. C. : 1987, ‘The Ethical Dilemma’, Internal Auditor (Feb), 29–31. Zeff, S. A. : 1989, ‘Does the CPA Belong to a Profession? ’, Accounting Horizons ( June), 65–68. Johnson, H. V. : 1986, ‘Creating the Charter’, Internal Auditor (Dec), 42–45. Kultgen, J. : 1988, Ethics and Professionalism (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia). Lambert, J. C. and T. D. Hubbard: 1989, ‘Internal Auditor’s Changing Responsibility for Fraud Detection’, Internal Auditor ( June), 13–16. Loeb, S. E. : 1984, ‘Codes of Ethics and Self Regulation for Non Public Accountants: A public Policy Perspective’, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 1–8. Meigs, W. B. , O. R. Whittington, K. Pany and R. F. Meigs: 1989, Principles of Auditing (Irwin, Homewood, IL). Millerson, G: 1964, ‘Dilemmas of Professionalism’, New Society ( June 4), 15–16. Montagna, P. D. : 1971. ‘The Public Accounting Profession, Organization, Ideology and Social Power’, in Freidson (ed. ), Professions and Their Prospects (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA). Moore, W. : 1970, The Professions: Roles and Rules (Russell Sage Foundation, New York). Newton, L. H: 1982, ‘The Origins of Professionalism: Sociological Construction and Ethical Implications’, Business and Professional Ethics Journal (Fall), 41–57. Parsons, T. : 1951, The Social System (The Free Press, Glencoe, IL). Parsons, T. : 1968, ‘Professions’, in D. Sill (ed. ), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, XII (Macmillan and The Free Press, New York). Peacock, E. and S. H. Pelfrey: 1991, ‘Internal Auditors and the Code of Conduct’, Internal Auditor (Feb), 45–49. Ratliff, R. L. , W. A. Wallace, J. K. Loebbecke and W. G. McFarland: 1988, Internal Auditing Principles Western Washington University, Department of Accounting, College of Business and Economics, WA 98225-9071, Bellingham, U. S. A. E-mail: MaryAnn. Reynolds@wwu. edu. How to cite Ethics and Internal Auditors, Essay examples

Impacts of Cultural Differences free essay sample

College Graduation Thesis Subject: Impacts of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiation Name: Chen Xiujuan Student No. : 0 8 5 1 0 3 4 0 Specialty and Class: Business English, Class 3 Department: Department of Humanities and Arts Supervisor: Liu Mifan Date: 2011-3-02 Contents Introduction1 1. Types of Cultural Differences2 1. 1Value View2 1. 2. Negotiating Style2 1. 3. Thinking Model2 2. Impact Of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations4 . 1Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations4 2. 1. 1Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation. 4 2. 1. 2Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation. 5 2. 1. 3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation. 6 2. 2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations. 7 2. 3 Impact of Thinking Model Differences on International Business Negotiation. 8 3. Coping Strategy Of Negotiating Across Cultures. 9 3. 1 Making Preparations before Negotiation. 9 3. 2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice. 10 3. Conquering Communication Barriers. 10 Conclusion11 Bibliography12 Acknowledgements13 Abstract The business negotiations under different cultural conditions come to cross- cultural negotiations. With the economic globalization and the frequent business contacts, cultural differences seem to be very important; otherwise they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, even affect the result of the business negotiations. This means it is very important to know the different culture in different countries and the ways to avoid the culture conflicts in the international business negotiations. The article commences from the types of culture differences, then it explains the impacts of these culture differences on international business negotiation and finally it analyzes how to deal with the problem of the cultural differences correctly in negotiation process. Such a standpoint is emphasized: In the business negotiations between different countries, negotiators should accept the other party’s culture, and try to make him be accepted; then make a correct evaluation with the help of valid communication and discover their real benefits between them. Besides, we should know clearly and try to accept the culture differences as possible as we can. It is very important for the success of culture negotiations. Key words: Culture; Cultural differences; Business negotiation; Impact Introduction Along with the advancement globalization and China’s WTO entry, business enterprises in China have to face more and more business negotiations with foreign enterprises, especially with American enterprises. In these negotiations, Chinese negotiators sometimes feel uncomfortable, puzzled, lost, irritated and the alike, because of unfamiliar custom and behaviors demonstrated by American negotiators. Meanwhile, American negotiators confront the same situation. Cult rural differences between China and west countries could cause many problems. Therefore, understanding cultural differences and overcoming them is crucial in international business negotiations. Although the definition of culture is numerous and vague, it is commonly Recognized that culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, values, attitudes and expectations. Culture is a major determinant in business negotiation. So have a clear picture of culture differences if of great significance. . Types of Culture Differences The east countries and west countries have produced different cultures on the different continents. Among the different cultures, value views, negotiating style and thinking model appear more obvious. 1. 1Value View Value view is the standard that people use to asses objective things. It includes time view, equality view and objectivity. People may draw a different or even contradictory conclusion abo ut the same thing. Value view is one of the most important differences among the many factors. It can influence the attitude, needs and behavior of people. The value view varies from nation to nation, people know that the eastern person focus on collectivism, while the western people pay more attention to individualism. 1. 2. Negotiating Style Negotiating style refers to the tolerance and graces which the negotiator shows in the negotiation. The negotiators show their negotiating style through behavior, manners and the method of controlling negotiation process during the negotiation. The negotiator’s negotiating style has a bearing on their culture background. According to the culture differences, negotiating style falls into two types: the east negotiating style pattern and the west negotiating style pattern. 1. 3. Thinking Model Thinking model reflects the culture. Because of the influences of history background, continents, words and living method, different nations generate different thinking models. Surely, there is more than one thinking model of a nation, but one is more obvious compared with others. As a whole, east people, especially Chinese have strong comprehensive thinking, image thinking and curved thinking, while analytical thinking, abstract thinking and direct thinking are possessed by the west people. 2. Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations With the rapid development of economy, we need to do business with businessmen under different culture background, so in order to reach trade agreement, it is necessary for us to study the impact of culture differences on international negotiation in global business activities. The impact of culture differences on international negotiation is extensive and deeply. Different cultures divide the people into different group and they are also the obstacles of people’s communication. Accordingly, it is required that the negotiator should accept the culture of each other. Furthermore, through culture differences, it is important that the negotiator reveal and understand the other party’s goal and behavior and make him or herself be accepted by the opponent to reach agreement finally 2. 1Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations fall into three types: time view, negotiation style, thinking model. Each has big influences on business negotiation 2. 1. 1 Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation. The time view which affects the negotiator’s behavior varies from east countries to west countries. The oriental or the Chinese negotiators are usually cautious and patient. They need to go through the phrases of coming up with proposes, bringing up objections and ending the trade which takes a longer time. And they hope to arrange rich time to go on a negotiation, thus knowing more about the opponent . They are good at long and continuous battle. While west people or we could say American people, consider time is precious. They tend to resolve problems swiftly. So, in business negotiation, American businessmen often complain about the delay and the lack of efficiency of negotiators from other countries, while these countries also make a complaint that the Americans lack patience. There is a popular saying among American negotiators and businessmen: It is prohibited to steal time. That shows the time view of Americans. To them, time means money. The time view of Chinese is cyclic. They use long-term and systematic viewpoints to value the importance of the topic. A famous people classify the time view into two kinds: straight-line time viewand cyclic time view. The former pay more attention to concentration and speed, and the later stress doing many things at one time. That they insist on different time view leads to different negotiating style and method. The American people represent the straight-line time view and they have a strong awareness of modern competition. They look for speed and efficiency. So they value time badly and consider time as a special commodity whose value could be assessed. They often use minute to calculate time . They hope to reduce negotiation time at every phrase and want to complete the negotiation quickly. But the Chinese time view is cyclic and they place emphasis on unity. Moreover, it is necessary to be punctual at negotiations. West people have a strong time view, if you don’t comply with the appointment time, they may give you a punishment and they will regard you as unreliable and irresponsible person. Being late for negotiation will give the west businessmen opportunities to exert pressure onyou, and then you will lose the status of being initiative. 2. 1. 2 Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation America went through the bourgeoisie revolution of striving for the equality and freedom, so they take equality into their heart. Americans stick to equality and fairness in business, and hope that both could gain benefit. When introducing the topic or situation, the west people would like to use concrete method, particularly data. Their negotiating method is that they will describe their viewpoint and propose at the beginning in order to get initiative. Under this principle, they would come up with a reasonable resolution which they think is very fair. In business relationship, the sellers from America regard the buyer as a counterpart. Americans are fairer than Japanese is sharing benefits. A lot of American managers think fair division of profits is more important than how much they could get. At this point, the east people are different. Because of the deeply influence of class view, they don’t pay much attention to equality. They usually adopt single-win strategy in business negotiations. When involving economic benefits they think much about their own benefits and profits and don’t give so much attention to the benefit of their partners. The market economic system of developed countries is quite mature, so west countries take win-win strategy more in negotiation; basically, they could take the benefits of both into consideration. 2. 1. 3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation The objectivity in international business negotiation reflects the degree to which people treat any things. West people especially Americans have a strong objectivity on the understanding of issues. At negotiation table, Americans don’t care much about relationship between people. They don’t care if the status of the opponent is equal to theirs. They make decision based on facts and data, not people. The saying that public things use public ways is a reflection of American objectivity. Therefore,Americans emphasize that Businessmen should distinguish people and issues, what they are really interested in is the actual problems. But in the other parts of the world, it is impossible for them to distinguish people and issues. . 2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations The impacts of negotiating style differences on international business negotiation mainly exist in negotiating method and negotiating structure. Take the negotiation between America and China as a example, since the oriental care more about unity in thinking, they method they adopt in negotiation is from unity to parts, from the big to little, from the abstract to the concrete, that is to say they should each agreement on general terms, then begin to talk about the concrete terms. And usually not until the end of the negotiation do they make compromise and promise based on all the items, and then to reach agreement. The west people are influenced by analytic thinking, so pay more attention to logical relations between things. They consider more about concrete things than integrity. And they tend discuss the concrete items at the beginning of negotiation, so they often resolve the price, delivery and issuance respectively at first. And they may make compromise at every detail, so the final contract is the combination of many little agreements. The negotiating structure is linked with cultures. Negotiating structure mostly refers to the number of the participants. In business negotiation, the foreign delegation is usually composed by 3-5 people, while the Chinese one could be more 15 people. The foreign negotiators not only need to negotiate with their counterparts but also need to discuss with related person in charge or the government. When making the final decisions, the Chinese negotiators often discuss the results repeatedly from the workers to the board to avoid being decided by a single person. That results from the influence of collectivism. So they often said to their partners: Let us think about it. Let us discuss it. But the west negotiators could make the final decision without going back for discussion. That because their admire individualism and hard working. They have strong independence. They would carry on according to the best ways after knowing their goals. What’s more, most west people think that they have the ability to deal with the negotiation situation on their own. And truly, they are brave enough to take responsibility. 2. 3 Impact of Thinking Model Differences on International Business Negotiation The thinking model of Chinese tends to be comprehensive, concrete and curved, while the Americans are usually analytic, abstract and straight-line. We Chinese are accustomed to talking about general principles at first and then move onto details. To Chinese negotiators, the core is the general guideline, and the details are subject to the guideline. After figuring out the big picture, other problems are easier to resolve. It is the most obvious feature of Chinese negotiators. But west businessmen, especially Americans are likely to discuss the details first and try to avoid the principle. They value details very much and think noting about the unity. Accordingly, they want to discuss the details at the beginning of negotiation. They are direct and simple in negotiation. As a matter of fact, many facts show that General principles first have impact of constriction on the parts and details. For instance, our government insists on the principle that Hong Kong and Macao are undivided parts of China’s territory. In the important diplomatic negotiations such as Entering into relationship with America, Hong Kong’s and Macao’s Coming back into their motherland. It is under such principle that we established the tone of the negotiation and controlled the skeleton of the negotiation, thus we get the advantage and prompt the success of negotiation. 3. Coping Strategy of Negotiating across Cultures The culture differences in cross-cultural communication have various impacts on operation of enterprises. These differences will influence negotiation and management of transnational operation; what’s more, it may have bad effects on the harmonious relationship between our country and foreign countries. Maybe that will lead to the missing of market opportunities, the increase of trade cost and the low efficiency of company management. So, it is really necessary for us all to eliminate and avoid disadvantageous effects. 3. 1 Making Preparations before Negotiation. The negotiators must make good preparations if they want control the development of negotiation successfully in the complex situation. Only do they make good preparations can they make changes freely according to the situation of negotiation and avoid the happening of conflicts. Because the international business negotiation involves extensive aspects, more preparations are needed. The preparations often include the analysis of the negotiators themselves and the opponents; the constitution of negotiation group, elaborating the negotiating goal and strategy and going on imitation negotiation when necessary. When making preparations, you should try to know the opponents while you analyze yourselves. Analyzing yourselves mainly refers to studying if the project is feasible. To knowing about the opponents means understanding their strength such as credit status, the policy? business customs and regulations of their countries and the conditions of their negotiating members and so on. . 2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice Tolerating different cultures and overcoming cultural prejudice contribute to better communicating with each other and understanding each other. West people often think that they are powerful, capable and experienced, so sometimes, we need to recognize then and give then some good comments. We should learn about the foreign cultures before negotiation a nd accept and understand their cultures in negotiation, because every country regard their own cultures as a matter of course and hope that their culture could be recognized and accepted. 3. Conquering Communication Barriers Two trains running at different railways in the opposite direction will collide with each other; maybe this is the best arrangement for trains. But to communication between people, there won’t be communications if people go ahead according to their own ways. Trains will collide with each other if they run on the same railway at the opposite direction. But if we measure by the objective of people’s communication, only we meet each other, can we have communication and friendship. In negotiation, sometimes we can’t make much progress although we have talked for long time. And sometimes both parties are not satisfied. After thinking, that is caused by communication barriers which happen easily in cross-cultural negotiation. We should make sure if there appear communication barriers, if so, we must overcome them. Generally speaking, we should pay more attention to the following three communication barriers in cross-cultural negotiation: the communication barriers caused by culture background of both; the ones caused by misunderstanding of the contents and information from the partner; the ones caused by not being willing to accept the opponent’s contents and ideas. Conclusion â€Å"Social Customs varies in different countries†. In a word, cross- cultural communication will meet the problem of culture differences surely. In turn, culture differences also influence all aspects of international business communication. To avoid or to resolve the culture differences is a huge task in international business negotiation. In order to step into the international market successfully, we must have the awareness of culture differences, acknowledge culture differences and understand different cultures. Try to know yourself and know them. What’s more, we should respect different behavior of businessmen under different culture background, and then we could reduce unnecessary conflicts resulting from not respecting the opponents. It is beneficial for both to form an atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation, reduce culture differences and turn disadvantages into advantages and benefits. Thus, we could avoid conflicts and obstacles, then to promote communication and harmony in international business negotiation. Bibliography 1]George Yule. The study of Language[M]. Cambridge University Press,2000:202-209 [2]Harvey, Paul,,â€Å"The Oxford Companion to English Literature† [M]. London: Oxford University Press. 1978:23-25 [3]Philip R Harris, Managing Cultural Differences [M]. Gulf Publishing Company, 1987:234-260 [4]Wang Cheng fa. A Glimpse of Foreign Land [J]. Kaifeng: Henan Univesity Press, 2000:58-62 [5]. [M]. : ,2000:2-6 [6]  · —— [M]. : ,2004 [7].. [M] : ,2003:340-342 [8]. [M]. : ,2001 Acknowledgements As acknowledgements for my paper, only I — the writer is responsible for the shortcomings. I much acknowledges my thanks to all my teachers, especially to Miss Liu Mifan, my supervisor, who has provides me support, critical ideas and careful suggestions. I also want to thank my family who always give me time, encouragement and secretarial services, especially my parents. Finally, my classmate and friends, who provided thoughtful and thorough reviews of my paper, must be acknowledged.

The Developing Global Businesses Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Developing Global Businesses. Answer: The paper presents a brief overview of the global business in developing the market. It explains that how the companies can expand its business activities and operations in developing countries. It describes the various key issues which the companies will have to face while conducting business activities and actions in developing countries. In this era of growing business trade over the countries, companies are showing their vast development. These global businesses have to face various difficulties while the expansion its business in developing countries and they have to put efforts to prove themselves in front of the other markets in order to generate good investment from large firms. To expand their trade business they are recommended to plan proper strategies. It is not easy to think about going in the developing markets. These markets demand a lot from the company which puts pressure on marketing products effectively and efficiently. As there is an evolvement in economies of und erdeveloped countries there is a reason for such companies to react enthusiastically. A large number of markets designated under economic growth shows interest. The countries that are developing their trade globally cannot be ignored. They are expanding not only geographically basis rather socioeconomically. The area under development covered by them is a vast area. They have a direct approach to the worlds advanced countries. These global businesses show strong economic performance and also uses advanced technologies to expand their trade. They involve in developing infrastructure and improving healthcare (Dahan, Doh, Oetzel and Yaziji, 2010). These developing global businesses open the door to foreign investment which allows them to access new capital. This benefits the companies for doing trade in different fields and makes them grow in effectively in emerging markets. It becomes a great opportunity for the companies that trade on small scale in order to get success in such competitive world for economic development. The opportunity to these small businesses provides new services to the consumers more personally by working with companies within the country in order to expand the economic infrastructure of the business. This gives chance to small traders to publically show their branding in the market (Sheth, 2011). The keys to growing in the world of business are the amount of research work one puts in and the type of strategies planned to make growth and success. The company has to go through many challenges in order to grow in the emerging market. This creates big opportunities for large companies. When the company adapts the use of technology then the emerging of new opportunities could be seen. Hence the growth of global business takes place with the adaptation of new technologies (Peng, 2012). The international economic culture of the company helps in encouraging the distribution of goods and services between the continents largely. The small businesses take advantage of the business opportunities by investing their time and capital in the emerging markets of the country all over the world. The society of emerging markets has a potential and capable labor. This results in greater advantages for the company to establish their trade business in the company (Madawaki, 2012). Since these markets also consist of upper-class population hence the growth towards business increases demand for new kinds of goods among the society. The consumers show great interest in purchasing more of luxurious items that were unavailable previously. The small business can be benefited from such advantage by accepting the opportunity to provide these products to customers who never purchased them before. The establishing of the brand in emerging market eliminates the chance of competition. The emerging economy can be a fresh territory for the products provided by the company (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2013). The company can acquire a good amount of share in the market by being the first one in meeting the consumer's demand. With the growth towards emerging market company also becomes a part of growing infrastructure. When these small businesses expand themselves in the competitive market it gives an opportunity to take a step in the economic system of the market. The com pany has to be capable enough to emerge in the economy (Kose, Otrok and Prasad, 2012). The global business in developing countries increases in company growth and success in the new market. This small business that opens later has higher chances of being in the market. The Company diversifies itself rather than operating in one place which more likely becomes an outcome of suffering. Further, the companies face various challenges while conducting business in developing countries. The firm has to bear a lot of losses while deriving the business activities in developing countries. The benefit could only be done by the fluctuated value of operating in business in different currencies. The company gains reputation when it is able to fulfill the domestic demands of consumers. Running business outside the boundaries can raise profits as it becomes easy to reach more and more people (Boso, Cadogan, and Story, 2013). Global business helps to increase the profit and revenue of the company. In todays era, economic growth becomes the important weapon for the company. Therefore government intervenes in the business in order to encourage them to develop the business into the private sector. They help the entrepreneurs to enhance their knowledge and skills. Global business is accessed and carried by the entrepreneurs as well as companies. Entrepreneurs generally have poor knowledge about markets so they have to become dependent upon the developing countries. The quality of products is standardized before being sold in the market. The global business that is expanding largely in the market gives access to these entrepreneurs to gain by self-trading in such markets (Narula, 2012). Global business is advantaged with good legislation that is provided in developing countries. Good legislation results in generating higher revenues and attractive tax and growth in business. They help in building strong administrations for tax and makes the registration procedure for the companies. They meet with the procedures of international law which reduces the risk of loss in the business. They can rely on the official bodies of the country as well as other organizations of developing countries which enable them to work quickly. The improved infrastructure in these developing countries where companies come for trade ensures a good business climate. The improved infrastructure of the country persuades firms to expand their trade. They grow larger with the modern world and understand what a consumer demand. The growth of global businesses in the developing market enhances the way of work and decisions making power. This gives a chance to the companies to prove themselves and gai n the trust of their clients. The ultimate aim of the business is to earn profits and fame in the market. So by expanding the trade into other countries, it becomes easy for them to achieve their target (Gourinchas and Jeanne, 2013). These emerging and developing countries now adds a good percent to the global GDP. Since the development, these companies are contributing a large number of percentages which helped them in saving economic job factor. They are the main elements of the reduction in the global poverty. Such disadvantages can overcome for three reasons which have been discussed below (Albert, Werhane and Rolph, 2014). When the business opportunities from large companies like MNCs explore business in these markets they are recommended to fill those areas which have no significance in the business. Multinational executives operate in the well-developed economy and therefore ill-equipped economic factors have to deal with such empty matters of the company. Western organizations show their presence by relying on data from the marketing firms in order to expand their products and plan developing strategies for competition in the market. These businesses have to count on the partners who are responsible for supplying their products to various customers (Birkinshaw, Brannen and Tung, 2011). When companies think of expanding trade in other countries which do not have researchers from the sophisticated market it becomes difficult for the companies in deploying their models related to the business. Whereas, local company managers are aware of the kind of work institution need to fill their empty spaces whic h can show a better They already know about the criteria and are familiar with the local context. This helps the company to meet the needs of customers effectively. They are capable of raising money by trading in the local stock market. This increases the reputation of their firms. These mechanisms allow the local companies to effectively compete with foreign trade business (Gaur, Kumar and Singh, 2014). Once these companies from emerging markets demonstrate a success degree in business the capital increases mark the growth of talent of these companies in developing countries. They have the chance of raising money by listening to the stock exchange records. They become investors of the developing market and it becomes easy for them in selling the bonds and equity shares. Other companies from developed countries try to fit into the gaps of soft infrastructure. This is because it helps the local businesses in raising the spirit of competition. The various programs of these countries allow emerging markets to hire people who are efficient in the relative skill and possess the quality of working in Multinational Corporation (Leamer and Storper, 2014). The large companies alter their strategies before presenting in the developing market in which they do operations. It becomes difficult for the companies to give a modification to their products or services. There should be a proper communication which can suit the taste of locality. The opportunities that developing countries provide are small and have chances of risk. The structure of cost becomes difficult for these business sectors which enable them in selling products of the business at a reasonable price in the market. Local companies are benefited from not having to suffer from such constraints of business. This is because their operation takes place only in few markets of geography. In fact, once the quality of the companies of emerging market improves the quality of products and services supplied by the firms it becomes easy for them to meet the demands of the customers within the company and outside it (Brem and Wolfram, 2014). The marketing structure in these developing countries different from business to business. Local companies are largely helped by them to fight against their rivals. A global customer demands good quality in the products and expresses the desire of having a global feature in that product. They have to offer the same quality of goods in those developing countries which are ready to pay the prices that prevail across the global. These segments only demand global quality of products which have the local features in them at less than the prices prevailing in the market. These segments demand local feature of the products at local prices (Kumar, Mudambi, and Gray, 2013). Before emerging to the developing countries generally these companies think about is a success and this success is only gained through the ability to exploit the advantages of the business. In the starting, they take a step into growth by their ability of trading in the foreign investment sector. They try to develop contacts with resource marketers in order to gain competitive advantage. They are able to do so by the knowledge of local production factor that they have. This helps them in serving the customers sitting at home and outside the boundaries in an effective way (Lund-Thomsen and Lindgreen, 2014). Those businesses that deal with raw materials are used in all areas of retail. This is generally done in order to serve the clients in the market or because they have to as being the part of such chain. It becomes a bit difficult to search for customers. Hence the search for buyers in these emerging markets who can become their source of earning. The other reason relates to the market factors. The different factors of the market that are saturated become expensive. Hence these businesses have to search for other markets of other countries that are developing which provide same resources. at last these sectors increases the values of business by moving up the chain of values which allows selling the branded products by offering solutions of the recess. On the above discussion, it has been analyzed that global business in developing countries will provide a lot of benefits to the companies as well as people. Thus, the companies should analyze and evaluate the market and environment of the developing countries. It should use some effective strategies to gain growth and success in developing countries. References Albert, P.J., Werhane, P. and Rolph, T., 2014. Introduction. InGlobal Poverty Alleviation: A Case Book(pp. 1-11). Springer Netherlands. Birkinshaw, J., Brannen, M.Y. and Tung, R.L., 2011. From a distance and generalizable to up close and grounded: Reclaiming a place for qualitative methods in international business research.Journal of International Business Studies,42(5), pp.573-581. Boso, N., Cadogan, J.W. and Story, V.M., 2013. Entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation as drivers of product innovationManagement success: A study of exporters from a developing economy.International Small Business Journal,31(1), pp.57-81. Brem, A. and Wolfram, P., 2014. Research and development from the bottom up-introduction of terminologies for new product development in emerging markets.Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,3(1), p.9. Dahan, N.M., Doh, J.P., Oetzel, J. and Yaziji, M., 2010. Corporate-NGO collaboration: Co-creating new business models for developing markets.Long range planning,43(2), pp.326-342. Gaur, A.S., Kumar, V. and Singh, D., 2014. Institutions, resources, and internationalization of emerging economy firms.Journal of World Business,49(1), pp.12-20. Gourinchas, P.O. and Jeanne, O., 2013. Capital flows to developing countries: The allocation puzzle.Review of Economic Studies,80(4), pp.1484-1515. Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., 2013.Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Kose, M.A., Otrok, C. and Prasad, E., 2012. Global business cycles: convergence or decoupling?.International Economic Review,53(2), pp.511-538. Kumar, V., Mudambi, R. and Gray, S., 2013. Internationalization, innovation and institutions: the 3 I's underpinning the competitiveness of emerging market firms.Journal of International Management,19(3), pp.203-206. Leamer, E.E. and Storper, M., 2014. The economic geography of the internet age. InLocation of International Business Activities(pp. 63-93). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Lund-Thomsen, P. and Lindgreen, A., 2014. Corporate social responsibility in global value chains: Where are we now and where are we going?.Journal of Business Ethics,123(1), pp.11-22. Madawaki, A., 2012. Adoption of international financial reporting standards in developing countries: The case of Nigeria.International Journal of Business and management,7(3), p.152. Narula, R., 2012. Do we need different frameworks to explain infant MNEs from developing countries?.Global Strategy Journal,2(3), pp.188-204. Peng, M.W., 2012. The global strategy of emerging multinationals from China.Global Strategy Journal,2(2), pp.97-107. Sheth, J.N., 2011. Impact of emerging markets on marketing: Rethinking existing perspectives and practices.Journal of Marketing,75(4), pp.166-182.